Executive function is a theoretical cognitive function in psychology that is responsible for and processes cognitive processes (Lux, 2007). Cognitive functions are usually carried out in the front and forehead of the brain. In addition, executive function encompasses cognitive processes including working memory, attention, planning, verbal reasoning, problem solving, mental flexibility, inhibition, multitasking, activity monitoring, and initiation (Banich, 2011). Executive functions are critical in managing a range of modern conditions beyond the scope of psychosomatic trajectories that can be explained by habit alone.
Executive function is a theoretical cognitive function in psychology that is responsible for and processes cognitive processes (Lux, 2007). Cognitive functions are usually carried out in the front and forehead of the brain. In addition, executive function encompasses cognitive processes including working memory, attention, planning, verbal reasoning, problem solving, mental flexibility, inhibition, multitasking, activity monitoring, and initiation (Banich, 2011). Executive functions are critical in managing a range of modern conditions beyond the scope of psychosomatic trajectories that can be explained by habit alone.
Persistence is the process of repeating certain responses, such as sentences or gestures, regardless of the absence or end of the stimulus (Banich, 2011). Persistence is usually caused by brain damage due to injury or other organic disorder. Persistence has been associated with a lack of inhibition, although the relationship has not yet been fully established. The reason that perseveration is considered a lack of executive functioning is due to a memory disorder or working memory problem.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by intrusive thoughts resulting from repetitive behaviors, fear, anxiety, worry, or fear (Lux, 2007). OCD is characterized by problems with behavioral regulation and impulse control and an inability to maintain cognitive integrity (Lux, 2007). This means they are suffering from an injury involving the orbitofrontal cortex.
The Contribution of Phineas Gage to the Study of the Relationship Between Administrative Functions and the Frontal Lobe
Basically, Phineas Gage was recognized as a railway worker, whose frontal lobe, or some part of his intellect, was derailed. spikes in the 19th century (Ratiu et al., 200
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Gage’s brain damage allowed his other senses to function, although he eventually lost all executive function. In fact, a damaged component of the intellectual frontal lobe controlled most executive functions, not excluding awareness and recall (Banich, 2011). It was easy to deduce from Gage’s behavior that the affected part of the brain, the frontal and frontal lobes, controls executive functions.
The WCST is used to test executive functions such as organized search, strategic planning, use of environmental feedback, directing behavior to achieve specific goals, and impulse response modulation (Monchi et al., 2001). Various cognitive functions, such as awareness, image processing, and memory management, constitute a successful achievement of assessment. The Wisconsin Card Sorting Task tests the ability to show flexibility when the schedule of reinforcement changes.
Guided processing usually does not require much attention. In addition, it is prepared without much attention. Automatic processing is sometimes parallel to controlled processing. Automatic processing usually occurs through extensive practice or repetition of activities, such as learning to speak, walk or drive. In addition, automatic processing has been found to suppress thoughts (Banich, 2011). On the other hand, controlled processing requires a lot of attention and conscious guidance. An example of a driving test is driving a car for the first time.
Working memory is a system that dynamically stores information in the brain to perform both verbal and non-verbal tasks (Banich, 2011). These tasks involve understanding and reasoning and making information more accessible for further processing. These working memory tasks always require active goal-directed monitoring (Banich, 2011). The amount of data that working memory can hold and retain is actually limited, despite the fact that the amount of memory can be reduced. Often, current memory involves cognitive advances, such as awareness and immediate short-term memory, which take care of the transient clearing, association, retrieval and assimilation of information.
Sequencing is an orderly presentation of facts and ideas in an orderly and logical manner. People with mental disabilities usually present its facts and thoughts in a distracted and illogical order. The sequence is an important part of executive function because it provides ways to measure executive functions (Banich, 2011). In most cases, damage to the orbitofrontal cortex results in impairment of sequence-related executive functions.
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, called DL-PFC, is the highest cortical region that plays a role in regulatory motor planning and organization. In addition, it is responsible for both memory and sensory information service in addition to brain events and functional regulation (Banich, 2011). In addition, it contains working memory. However, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is not fully responsible for executive functions (Banich, 2011). Instead, executive functions require other cortical and subcortical connections involving the DL-PFC. On the other hand, the orbitofrontal cortex is responsible for sensory integration and decision-making processes. Damage to the orbitofrontal cortex causes disruptive and volatile emotional behavior.
The error-related negativity and its utility in understanding executive functions
The error-related negativity (ERN) is an accentuated negative signal that begins immediately after the initiation of an imprecise motor response. The ERN is thought to originate from the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) part of the brain (Banich, 2011). To some extent, the DL-PFC is also thought to be involved in the generation of the ERN. ERN is highly motivated. In other words, it is highly emphasized in motivated and strong-willed people. Individuals diagnosed with OCD typically have high ERN deflation with prolonged latency and longer amplitude. Distracted people have also been found to have higher ERN levels.
